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Dataset · V-Dem Institute

State Fiscal Source of Revenue

36 years, 1990–2025 · 176 countries

V-Dem's measure of a state's fiscal source of revenue asks what the central government mainly lives on: nothing it can raise itself, loans and foreign aid, natural-resource rents and state assets, taxes on property and trade, or broad taxes on sales, incomes and profits. It is an expert-coded estimate on an open-ended scale centred near zero, and a higher figure means reliance on broader taxation — the end V-Dem treats as greater fiscal capacity.

This site holds every year from 1990 to 2025, read from V-Dem Institute’s own data and stored exactly as published.

Open State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2025Download all 36 · CSVSee it charted by country →
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State Fiscal Source of Revenue · the file

Newest
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2025
Held
36 years · 6,170 rows
Licence
CC BY-SA 4.0

0136 years

Every year

Every year comes from V-Dem Institute’s 2026 release, recalculated on one method. Each opens the full table for that year; each downloads as a CSV.

1990bar height: countries covered, up to 1762025
Every year of State Fiscal Source of Revenue held on this site, newest first, with its download files.
YearCountriesChangeReadDownload
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2025Newest176±0September 29, 2026CSV
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2024176±0September 29, 2026CSV
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2023176±0September 29, 2026CSV
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2022176±0September 29, 2026CSV
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2021176±0September 29, 2026CSV
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2020176±0September 29, 2026CSV
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2019176±0September 29, 2026CSV
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2018176±0September 29, 2026CSV
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2017176±0September 29, 2026CSV
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2016176±0September 29, 2026CSV
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2015176±0September 29, 2026CSV
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2014176±0September 29, 2026CSV
Show all 36 years
YearCountriesChangeReadDownload
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2013176±0September 29, 2026CSV
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2012176±0September 29, 2026CSV
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2011176+1September 29, 2026CSV
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2010175±0September 29, 2026CSV
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2009175±0September 29, 2026CSV
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2008175±0September 29, 2026CSV
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2007175±0September 29, 2026CSV
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2006175±0September 29, 2026CSV
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2005175+8September 29, 2026CSV
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2004167±0September 29, 2026CSV
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2003167±0September 29, 2026CSV
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2002167±0September 29, 2026CSV
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2001167±0September 29, 2026CSV
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2000167±0September 29, 2026CSV
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 1999167+1September 29, 2026CSV
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 1998166+1September 29, 2026CSV
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 1997165±0September 29, 2026CSV
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 1996165±0September 29, 2026CSV
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 1995165±0September 29, 2026CSV
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 1994165±0September 29, 2026CSV
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 1993165+1September 29, 2026CSV
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 1992164+1September 29, 2026CSV
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 1991163+3September 29, 2026CSV
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 1990160—September 29, 2026CSV

Every year in one file, one row per country per year: fiscal-source-of-revenue-all-editions-nations-inquiry.csv

023 columns

What’s in the file

Every column, what it holds, how it is stored and what its values look like — what a reader needs before opening the file.

Every column in the newest file of State Fiscal Source of Revenue: what it holds, how it is stored, and its range.
ColumnWhat it holdsStored asRange, 2025DistinctEmptySpread
CountrycountryNameThe country’s name, as this file spells it.Text—1760
ISO Codecountry_codeIdentifierThe ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code, added by this site. Every table here joins on it.Text · 3 letters—1760
State fiscal source of revenue (latent scale; higher = broader taxation)fiscal_source_of_revenueHeadlineThe headline figure: Original latent estimate (≈ −2.9 to +3.1); higher = broader taxation.Number · up to 3 decimals-1.716Pakistan3.135Swedenmiddle 1.1801730

Profiled from the newest file. Range: the lowest and highest value, with the country holding it when only one does. Spread: countries in ten equal steps from lowest to highest. A higher value is the better result.

03176 countries across every year

Who is covered

How many countries each year holds, continent by continent, who joined and who left, and which places this site covers that the dataset never has.

All regions
Countries in each year of State Fiscal Source of Revenue, by continent.
201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025
Africa555555555555555555555555
Americas272727272727272727272727
Asia484848484848484848484848
Europe404040404040404040404040
Oceania666666666666
All176176176176176176176176176176176176

The newest 12 of 36 years.

Who joined and who left

  • 2011
    + South Sudan
  • 2005
    + Iceland+ Japan+ Moldova+ Peru+ Papua New Guinea+ Sudan+ Tanzania+ Uganda
  • 1999
    + Kosovo
  • 1998
    + Montenegro
  • 1993
    + Slovakia
  • 1992
    + Bosnia and Herzegovina
  • 1991
    + Croatia+ North Macedonia+ Somaliland

Not in this dataset · 49 places this site covers

V-Dem Institute gives no figure for these in any year held here. It is the publisher’s choice of scope, and each place’s profile shows what is measured.

American SamoaAndorraAnguillaAntigua and BarbudaArubaBahamasBelizeBermudaBritish Virgin IslandsBruneiCayman IslandsChannel IslandsCook IslandsCuraçaoDominicaFaroe IslandsFrench PolynesiaGibraltarGreenlandGrenadaGuamIsle of ManKiribatiLiechtensteinMacauMarshall IslandsMicronesiaMonacoMontserratNauruNew CaledoniaNiueNorthern CyprusNorthern Mariana IslandsPalauPalestinePuerto RicoSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint MartinSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSamoaSan MarinoSint MaartenTongaTurks and Caicos IslandsTuvaluUnited States Virgin IslandsVatican City

04Provenance

Where it comes from

The path from the publisher to this page, and what was checked and changed on the way.

The site’s method

  1. 1 · Publisher

    V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg

    v-dem.net

  2. 2 · Their file

    State Fiscal Source of Revenue 2025

    V-Dem-CY-FullOthers-v16_csv.zip

  3. 3 · Read by this site

    September 29, 2026

    Imported by a script that parses each figure and writes it down unrounded.

  4. 4 · Stored as

    36 files, one per year

    Each downloads as a CSV, or every year together as fiscal-source-of-revenue-all-editions-nations-inquiry.csv

  5. 5 · Used on

    Its statistic page, and every profile it measures

    /statistics/fiscal-source-of-revenue

Precision

The headline is stored to 3 decimals, as published.

Rounded by this site

Never. Tables on screen may show fewer decimals; the files never do.

Changed by this site

Reshaped into one row per country: regional and income-group totals are left out, only the columns listed are kept, each row gets its ISO 3166 code, and some country names are brought to one spelling. No value is recalculated, rescaled or rounded.

From the V-Dem Institute's Country-Year Full+Others dataset (v16), University of Gothenburg — this indicator is not in the smaller Core file — published under CC BY-SA 4.0. V-Dem's data runs back to 1789; the series here starts in 1990 so that every row belongs to a present-day country. Stored as the measurement model's original estimate, not V-Dem's 0–4 rescaling.

05Reuse

Licence and credit

What the publisher’s licence lets you do, what it asks of you, and a credit line and citation ready to copy.

Every publisher’s terms

Licence · checked September 29, 2026

CC BY-SA 4.0

  • Share and redistribute it
  • Adapt it and build on it
  • Use it commercially
  • Credit the publisher
  • Say what you changed
  • Publish anything adapted from it under the same licence

Share, adapt and use commercially with credit — and anything you publish that adapts it must carry the same licence.

A credit line

Source: V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg, State Fiscal Source of Revenue, via Nations Inquiry.

Cite this dataset

V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg. State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 1990–2025 [data set]. As held by Nations Inquiry, https://nationsinquiry.com/datasets/fiscal-source-of-revenue

The publisher’s own citation: Coppedge, M. et al. V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v16. Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project, University of Gothenburg.

Plain-language summary, not legal advice. The licence text is what binds.

06Where it is used

Around the site

Where these numbers appear on this site, and the datasets nearest to it.

07Questions

State Fiscal Source of Revenue: questions and answers

What is the State Fiscal Source of Revenue?

V-Dem's measure of a state's fiscal source of revenue asks what the central government mainly lives on: nothing it can raise itself, loans and foreign aid, natural-resource rents and state assets, taxes on property and trade, or broad taxes on sales, incomes and profits. It is an expert-coded estimate on an open-ended scale centred near zero, and a higher figure means reliance on broader taxation — the end V-Dem treats as greater fiscal capacity.

Which years of the State Fiscal Source of Revenue can I download?

All 36, from 1990 to 2025, each as a CSV file, or every year together in one CSV.

Does V-Dem Institute rank countries on it?

No. V-Dem Institute publishes values only. The positions shown on this site are derived by ordering the published values, and are labelled as ours.

Can I use it commercially?

Yes, under CC BY-SA 4.0, with credit to V-Dem Institute. The licence text is linked on this page.

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