Photo: Rastapopulous · CC BY-SA 3.0 · via Wikimedia Commons, shown in greyscale
Topic 06 of 18 · Country Index 2026
Turkmenistan: Development & Human Capital
Is a country turning its resources into better lives?
Turkmenistan is placed joint 72nd of 196 countries on development & human capital in the Country Index 2026, from 3 of its 3 key statistics. Readings behind it: Social Protection Coverage 42.7 (2025); Maternal Mortality Ratio 4.52 (2023).
Development & Human Capital
joint72nd
of 196 countries placed
Placed from 3 of 3 key statistics
01The evidence
The 3 key statistics that decide it
Only these place Turkmenistan on development & human capital — one vote each. Every value is the publisher’s own, read at the edition the Country Index 2026 used — or, for a survey-based key, each country’s latest reading; the grey ticks are every other country it was compared with, lowest on the left.
Key 2 of 3
Maternal Mortality Ratio
UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group (MMEIG)
Why it is a key: Whether a woman survives giving birth — the reach of a health system at the moment it is hardest to fake.
2023 edition · data for 2023 · CC BY 3.0 IGO
4.52
Maternal deaths per 100,000 live births
Lower is better
Turkmenistan: 4.52. Across the 195 countries in this edition, values run from 0.11 (Cook Islands) to 992.83 (Nigeria); the world median is 46.65.
- World median
- 46.65
- Best in Central Asia
- 4.52 Turkmenistan
- Land neighbours
- Afghanistan 520.5 · Iran 15.84 · Kazakhstan 9.58 · Uzbekistan 26.46
Each grey tick is one of 195 countries in the 2023 edition.
Key 3 of 3
Human Development Index
UNDP Human Development Report Office
Why it is a key: The standard composite of health, schooling and income, carrying UNDP's own published rank.
2023 edition · data for 2023 · CC BY 3.0 IGO
0.764
HDI score (0–1)
Higher is better
Ranked 95th of 193 by UNDP Human Development Report Office
Turkmenistan: 0.764. Across the 193 countries in this edition, values run from 0.388 (South Sudan) to 0.972 (Iceland); the world median is 0.762.
- World median
- 0.762
- Best in Central Asia
- 0.837 Kazakhstan
- Land neighbours
- Afghanistan 0.496 · Iran 0.799 · Kazakhstan 0.837 · Uzbekistan 0.74
Each grey tick is one of 193 countries in the 2023 edition.
02Over time
Which way Turkmenistan is moving
Each key’s published value, edition by edition, beside the world median. The Country Index 2026 is the first edition of the standing, so the standing itself has no history to chart yet.
Maternal Mortality Ratio
Maternal deaths per 100,000 live births · lower is better
TurkmenistanWorld median
Turkmenistan fell from 24.96 in 2000 to 4.52 in 2023; the world median went from 70.99 to 46.65.
Every year’s figures
Year Turkmenistan World median 2023 4.52 46.7 2022 4.59 53.0 2021 5.51 76.6 2020 5.26 56.0 2019 5.12 48.4 2018 5.31 49.3 2017 5.49 47.2 2016 5.70 50.6 2015 6.05 51.9 2014 6.48 52.8 2013 6.97 53.3 2012 7.39 54.6 2011 7.94 55.0 2010 8.75 56.1 2009 9.85 56.3 2008 11.40 55.8 2007 12.98 56.8 2006 14.41 58.1 2005 15.48 60.1 2004 16.56 63.0 2003 18.00 66.8 2002 19.87 66.0 2001 22.01 68.1 2000 24.96 71.0 Human Development Index
HDI score (0–1) · higher is better
TurkmenistanWorld median
Turkmenistan rose from 0.653 in 2005 to 0.764 in 2023; the world median went from 0.696 to 0.762.
Every year’s figures
Year Turkmenistan World median 2023 0.764 0.7620 2022 0.761 0.7610 2021 0.754 0.7450 2020 0.744 0.7425 2019 0.741 0.7515 2018 0.735 0.7520 2017 0.732 0.7480 2016 0.729 0.7500 2015 0.725 0.7430 2014 0.719 0.7410 2013 0.716 0.7390 2012 0.714 0.7350 2011 0.709 0.7250 2010 0.700 0.7250 2009 0.690 0.7220 2008 0.683 0.7180 2007 0.673 0.7100 2006 0.662 0.7045 2005 0.653 0.6960 2004 — 0.6960 2003 — 0.6910 2002 — 0.6845 2001 — 0.6770 2000 — 0.6720
03In context
Turkmenistan beside its neighbours
A position reads best beside the countries around it. Every position below is a place among all 196 countries on development & human capital, never a place within the region.
Turkmenistan and the countries it borders
The standing is each country’s place among all 196 placed on the topic; the other columns are the publishers’ own values, read at the edition the standing used.
| Country | Standing | Social Protection CoveragePopulation covered by at least one social protection benefit (%) | Maternal Mortality RatioMaternal deaths per 100,000 live births | Human Development IndexHDI score (0–1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Kazakhstan | 44th | 94.3 | 9.58 | 0.837 |
 Iran | 48th | 100 | 15.84 | 0.799 |
| Turkmenistan | =72nd | 42.7 | 4.52 | 0.764 |
 Uzbekistan | 93rd | 56 | 26.46 | 0.74 |
 Afghanistan | 189th | 7.5 | 520.5 | 0.496 |
“—” means the publisher gives no reading for that country in that edition. A country needs readings on enough keys to be placed.
Across Central Asia
Every country in the sub-region, by its place among all 196.
- Kazakhstan44th
- Turkmenistan=72nd
- Uzbekistan93rd
Tajikistan104th
Kyrgyzstan112th
Placed either side on development & human capital
The countries immediately above and below Turkmenistan in the topic’s list.
04Context, no vote
Where Turkmenistan is ahead of the world, and behind
18 more statistics filed under development & human capital, published in full and deliberately given no vote in the standing. Select a row for the publisher, the rank and the links.
Ahead of the world median8
Statistics on which Turkmenistan does better than the middle country measured.
Global Multidimensional Poverty IndexOPHI · 2025 · world median 0.0390.0010.039No real change since 2018
Turkmenistan: 0.001 · world median 0.039 · MPI (0–1). Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 0 to 0.517; lower is better.
Position 106th of 109 — derived here by ordering the published values, 1st = worst. The publisher ranks no country on this.
Exclusive Breastfeeding Under Six MonthsUNICEF · 2024 · world median 40.7456.4840.74No earlier reading
Turkmenistan: 56.48 · world median 40.74 · Infants under 6 months exclusively breastfed (%). UNICEF, 2024 edition, data for 2024.
Published values in that edition run from 3.497 to 83.3; higher is better.
Position 27th of 136 — derived here by ordering the published values, 1st = best. The publisher ranks no country on this.
Child MarriageUNICEF · 2025 · world median 17.16.117.1No earlier reading
Turkmenistan: 6.1 · world median 17.1 · Women 20–24 married before 18 (%). UNICEF, 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 0 to 76.3; lower is better.
Position 112th of 143 — derived here by ordering the published values, 1st = worst. The publisher ranks no country on this.
Stunting Prevalence in Children Under FiveUNICEF, WHO and World Bank Group (Joint Malnutrition Estimates) · 2024 · world median 13.87.18213.8No earlier reading
Turkmenistan: 7.182 · world median 13.8 · Children under 5 who are stunted (%). UNICEF, WHO and World Bank Group (Joint Malnutrition Estimates), 2024 edition, data for 2024.
Published values in that edition run from 0.518 to 52.8; lower is better.
Position 118th of 162 — derived here by ordering the published values, 1st = worst. The publisher ranks no country on this.
Completeness of Birth RegistrationUNICEF · 2025 · world median 98.499.998.4No earlier reading
Turkmenistan: 99.9 · world median 98.4 · Children under 5 whose birth is registered (%). UNICEF, 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 2.7 to 100; higher is better.
Mean Years of SchoolingUNDP Human Development Report Office · 2023 · world median 9.93311.219.933▼ Worsened since 2013
Turkmenistan: 11.21 · world median 9.933 · Mean years of schooling (adults 25+). UNDP Human Development Report Office, 2023 edition, data for 2023.
Published values in that edition run from 1.412 to 14.3; higher is better.
Position 63rd of 193 — derived here by ordering the published values, 1st = best. The publisher ranks no country on this.
Violent Discipline of ChildrenUNICEF · 2025 · world median 75.866.575.8No earlier reading
Turkmenistan: 66.5 · world median 75.8 · Children aged 1-14 experiencing violent discipline (%). UNICEF, 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 37.6 to 94; lower is better.
Position 59th of 90 — derived here by ordering the published values, 1st = worst. The publisher ranks no country on this.
GDP per Capita (PPP)World Bank Group · 2025 · world median 17,26519,31417,265▲ Improved since 2015
Turkmenistan: 19,314 · world median 17,265 · GDP per capita (constant 2021 international $, PPP). World Bank Group, 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 1,067 to 139,593; higher is better.
Position 87th of 185 — derived here by ordering the published values, 1st = best. The publisher ranks no country on this.
Behind the world median7
Statistics on which Turkmenistan does worse than the middle country measured.
Expected Years of SchoolingUNDP Human Development Report Office · 2023 · world median 13.3413.2413.34▲ Improved since 2013
Turkmenistan: 13.24 · world median 13.34 · Expected years of schooling. UNDP Human Development Report Office, 2023 edition, data for 2023.
Published values in that edition run from 5.635 to 21.69; higher is better.
Position 103rd of 195 — derived here by ordering the published values, 1st = best. The publisher ranks no country on this.
Planetary pressures-adjusted HDIUNDP Human Development Report Office · 2023 · world median 0.6780.6670.678▲ Improved since 2013
Turkmenistan: 0.667 · world median 0.678 · PHDI (0–1). UNDP Human Development Report Office, 2023 edition, data for 2023.
Published values in that edition run from 0.276 to 0.827; higher is better.
Position 84th of 156 — derived here by ordering the published values, 1st = best. The publisher ranks no country on this.
Life Expectancy at BirthUN DESA Population Division · 2023 · world median 74.6370.0774.63No real change since 2013
Turkmenistan: 70.07 · world median 74.63 · Years a newborn would live at current death rates. UN DESA Population Division, 2023 edition, data for 2023.
Published values in that edition run from 54.46 to 86.37; higher is better.
Position 155th of 222 — derived here by ordering the published values, 1st = best. The publisher ranks no country on this.
Cereal YieldFAO · 2023 · world median 3,0721,8343,072▲ Improved since 2013
Turkmenistan: 1,834 · world median 3,072 · Cereal yield (kg per hectare). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2023 edition, data for 2023.
Published values in that edition run from 23 to 29,147; higher is better.
Position 128th of 179 — derived here by ordering the published values, 1st = best. The publisher ranks no country on this.
Infant Mortality RateUN IGME · 2024 · world median 12.2630.4512.26▼ Worsened since 2014
Turkmenistan: 30.45 · world median 12.26 · Deaths before age one (per 1,000 live births). UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME), 2024 edition, data for 2024.
Published values in that edition run from 1.214 to 71.87; lower is better.
Position 46th of 200 — derived here by ordering the published values, 1st = worst. The publisher ranks no country on this.
Under-Five Mortality RateUN IGME · 2024 · world median 14.543914.54▼ Worsened since 2014
Turkmenistan: 39 · world median 14.54 · Deaths before age five (per 1,000 live births). UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME), 2024 edition, data for 2024.
Published values in that edition run from 1.26 to 115.65; lower is better.
Position 41st of 200 — derived here by ordering the published values, 1st = worst. The publisher ranks no country on this.
Statistical Performance IndicatorsWorld Bank Group · 2024 · world median 69.329.6569.3No real change since 2016
Turkmenistan: 29.65 · world median 69.3 · SPI overall score (0–100). World Bank Group, 2024 edition, data for 2024.
Published values in that edition run from 27.12 to 94.14; higher is better.
Position 187th of 188 — derived here by ordering the published values, 1st = best. The publisher ranks no country on this.
Level with the median, or no median to compare1
Access to ElectricityWorld Bank Group · 2024 · world median 100100100▼ Worsened since 2014
Turkmenistan: 100 · world median 100 · Population with electricity access (%). World Bank Group, 2024 edition, data for 2024.
Published values in that edition run from 5.4 to 100; higher is better.
No better end2
These describe the shape of a country — more is not better or worse, only different — so they are never ahead or behind.
Net Official Development Assistance ReceivedOECD Development Assistance Committee · 2023 · world median 2.5790.0962.579Moved since 2013
Turkmenistan: 0.096 · world median 2.579 · Net ODA received (% of GNI). OECD Development Assistance Committee, 2023 edition, data for 2023.
Published values in that edition run from -0.001 to 101.78.
Position 119th of 130 — derived here by ordering the published values, counted from the highest value. The publisher ranks no country on this.
Children with Functional DifficultiesUNICEF · 2024 · world median 13213No earlier reading
Turkmenistan: 2 · world median 13 · Children aged 5-17 with a functional difficulty (%). UNICEF, 2024 edition, data for 2024.
Published values in that edition run from 0.9 to 35.2.
No current reading for Turkmenistan
Account Ownership at a Financial Institution (last 2017), Coefficient of Human Inequality, Country Policy and Institutional Assessment, Gender Development Index, Gender Inequality Index, GNI per Capita (PPP) (last 2021), Human Capital Index, Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, Manufacturing Value Added (% of GDP) (last 2004), Poverty Gap at $3.00 a Day, Poverty Headcount Ratio at $3.00 a Day, Poverty Headcount Ratio at $8.30 a Day and Prosperity Gap. Listed rather than hidden, so the page can be checked against it.
05Country Index 2026
Development & Human Capital among Turkmenistan’s 14 topics
Development & Human Capital is Turkmenistan’s 3rd best-placed topic of 14. Strongest first; each marker sits at the position divided by that topic’s field, so fields of different sizes compare fairly.
- Risk & Resilience45th of 1923/3 keys
- Education & Knowledge51st of 1714/4 keys
- Development & Human Capitaljoint 72nd of 1963/3 keys
- Peace & Security80th of 1773/4 keys
- Food & Agriculture87th of 1753/4 keys
- Health & Wellbeing123rd of 2003/4 keys
- Work & Labour123rd of 1824/4 keys
- Economy & Innovation130th of 1763/4 keys
- Digital & Technology180th of 1982/3 keys
- Gender & Equality172nd of 1832/4 keys
- Environment & Sustainability173rd of 1813/3 keys
- Democracy & Civil Libertiesjoint 190th of 1983/3 keys
- Governance & Institutions188th of 1944/4 keys
- Energy193rd of 1932/3 keys
No standing on Mobility & Trade, Poverty & Inequality: too few of those topics’ key statistics are published for this country.
06The top of the list
Who leads on development & human capital
The three countries placed highest of 196, and the leaders Turkmenistan can most readily be measured against.
1
Cook IslandsPolynesia
1st of 196 · 2 of 3 keys
Photo: Benedict Adam · CC BY 2.0, greyscale
2
NorwayNorthern Europe
2nd of 196 · 3 of 3 keys
Photo: Ximonic , Simo Räsänen · CC BY-SA 3.0, greyscale
3
DenmarkNorthern Europe
3rd of 196 · 3 of 3 keys
Photo: User:Aconcagua · CC BY-SA 3.0, greyscale
Placed highest nearby
Highest in Asia
Israel10th3/3 keysHighest in Central Asia
Kazakhstan44th3/3 keysThis page
Turkmenistan=72nd3/3 keys
Positions out of 196 placed on the topic. A country needs readings on enough keys to be placed, and the top of the list is often held on fewer of them.
07Analysis
Charts and analysis about Turkmenistan and development & human capital
On development & human capital
Global Hunger Index 2025: Countries with the Most Alarming Hunger Crisis
Thirteen countries scored across four editions — 2000, 2008, 2016 and 2025 — and five the report could not score at all. DR Congo and South Sudan share 121st place on 37.5.
On development & human capital
India vs Pakistan 2025: Comparison of Hunger Index, Happiness, HDI, Rule of Law, Literacy & GDP
India and Pakistan on six published measures: hunger, happiness, human development, rule of law, literacy and GDP per capita. India is the better placed on five of them; Pakistan on one.
08Questions
Turkmenistan on development & human capital: questions answered
Every answer is built from the numbers on this page, so none can say something the page does not.
How does Turkmenistan rank on development & human capital?
Turkmenistan is placed joint 72nd of 196 countries on Development & Human Capital in the Country Index 2026, from 3 of its 3 key statistics (Social Protection Coverage, Maternal Mortality Ratio and Human Development Index). The position is this site’s ordering of published statistics, not a rank any publisher printed.
What is the latest Social Protection Coverage figure for Turkmenistan?
42.7 in 2025 (population covered by at least one social protection benefit (%)), according to International Labour Organization (ILO). The world median in the same edition was 52.1.
What is the latest Maternal Mortality Ratio figure for Turkmenistan?
4.52 in 2023 (maternal deaths per 100,000 live births), according to UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group (MMEIG). The world median in the same edition was 46.65.
How does Turkmenistan compare with Iran on development & human capital?
Iran is placed 48th of 196, and Turkmenistan joint 72nd. Social Protection Coverage: Iran 100, Turkmenistan 42.7; Maternal Mortality Ratio: Iran 15.84, Turkmenistan 4.52; Human Development Index: Iran 0.799, Turkmenistan 0.764.
How have Turkmenistan’s development & human capital figures changed?
Maternal Mortality Ratio fell from 24.96 in 2000 to 4.52 in 2023; Human Development Index rose from 0.653 in 2005 to 0.764 in 2023.
Which development & human capital statistics are missing for Turkmenistan?
No current reading is published for Turkmenistan on Account Ownership at a Financial Institution, Coefficient of Human Inequality, Country Policy and Institutional Assessment, Gender Development Index, Gender Inequality Index, GNI per Capita (PPP), Human Capital Index, Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, Manufacturing Value Added (% of GDP), Poverty Gap at $3.00 a Day, Poverty Headcount Ratio at $3.00 a Day, Poverty Headcount Ratio at $8.30 a Day and Prosperity Gap. They are listed rather than hidden, so the evidence on the page can be checked against it.
09Keep reading
Explore further
Turkmenistan, topic by topic
- Governance & Institutions188th of 194
- Economy & Innovation130th of 176
- Work & Labour123rd of 182
- Education & Knowledge51st of 171
- Health & Wellbeing123rd of 200
- Environment & Sustainability173rd of 181
- Gender & Equality172nd of 183
- Democracy & Civil Liberties=190th of 198
- Peace & Security80th of 177
- Risk & Resilience45th of 192
- Food & Agriculture87th of 175
- Energy193rd of 193
- Digital & Technology180th of 198
- The full Turkmenistan profile
Nearby, on development & human capital
The key statistics, for every country
10Method
Method, sources and how to cite
What this topic does not measure
Poverty lines, inequality and aid received are published here as context rather than as keys, often because they cover fewer countries or are measured too rarely. Development is also not the same as economic size or growth, which belong to Economy & Innovation.
How the Development & Human Capital standing is decided, step by step
A standing is a place in a list, not a mark out of anything. This one is part of the Country Index 2026, and it is worked out like this.
- A few key indicators decide it; the rest are context. 3 indicators on this topic are keys and 31 are charted alongside them without a vote. That split is the point: if every statistic voted, importing five more of one kind would quietly change what the topic is about.
- Each key is read at one edition. ⚠ The keys behind this standing do not all describe the same year — they run from 2023 to 2025, because publishers release on their own schedules. Read the standing as “how this country places now”, not as a snapshot of one year.
- Every country’s published value is turned into a place within that one key’s own field, and then expressed as a share of that field — how far down this key’s list the country sits, rather than how many countries are above it. Keys where a higher published number is worse (terrorism, hunger, disaster risk) are turned round first, so the good end is always the same end.
- Dividing by the field first is the whole reason this works. A place carries the size of its list inside it: 22nd of 44 and 108th of 215 are the same showing, and averaging the numbers 22 and 108 says loudly that they are not. Fields on this site run from about 44 countries to about 215, so averaging raw places would reward a country for happening to be measured in small ones. Dividing each place by its own field removes the size and leaves only the showing.
- The shares are averaged, plainly. One key, one vote — no key is weighted above another, because any weighting would be this site’s opinion presented as a measurement. Countries are then put in order by that average, and the average itself is never published. It is our arithmetic with nothing anchoring it, so printing it would invite it to be read as a measurement somebody made. The position it produces, the band, and the keys it was built from are all published instead — every one of them checkable against the tables on this page.
- A country needs 2 of this topic’s 3 keys — half, rounded up, and never fewer than 2. A standing built from one reading, printed beside one built from four, is two different things sharing a column heading. 196 countries clear the bar here.
- A key has to earn its vote every edition. It must measure at least 120 countries (below that it starts measuring who was surveyed rather than the world), it must not have more than 10% of its field tied at either end, and it must not repeat another key in the same topic — Spearman correlation above 0.92 counts as repeating. A topic needs at least 2 surviving keys to place anyone at all; this one has 3.
- A standing is relative, and the grouping is ours. It says where a country places against the others measured alongside it, so it moves when they move. The publishers listed on this page did not agree to be read together, and each measures its subject its own way: the underlying numbers are theirs, the ordering on top is this site’s — the same method as the rest of the Country Index, applied to one subject instead of all of them.
The key statistics and their licences
- Social Protection Coverage — International Labour Organization (ILO), CC BY 4.0
- Maternal Mortality Ratio — UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group (MMEIG), CC BY 3.0 IGO
- Human Development Index — UNDP Human Development Report Office, CC BY 3.0 IGO
The other 18 statistics on this page come from 9 publishers, each named beside its numbers, with every edition and licence on the datasets pages.
The standing itself is part of the Country Index 2026, published under CC BY-SA 4.0.
Photographs
Turkmenistan’s banner and the countries placed highest, from their profiles: Wikimedia Commons, shown in greyscale, each used under the licence named.
- Turkmenistan (banner) — Rastapopulous, CC BY-SA 3.0
- Cook Islands — Benedict Adam, CC BY 2.0
- Norway — Ximonic , Simo Räsänen, CC BY-SA 3.0
- Denmark — User:Aconcagua, CC BY-SA 3.0
Cite this page
Nations Inquiry (2026). Turkmenistan: Development & Human Capital — standing and statistics, Country Index 2026. https://nationsinquiry.com/countries/turkmenistan/development