Data for 1993

V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index, 1993

1993, as V-Dem Institute’s 2026 release gives it · stored as published, never rewritten

V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index, 1993 covers 173 countries on 5 measures. Sweden is highest, at 0.911; Oman is lowest, at 0.014. The middle country reads 0.442. Against 1992, 120 values changed (85 up, 35 down), 1 country joined.

Download CSV Cite this year

V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index · Data for 1993

HighestSweden

0.911

LowestOman

0.014

Shaded by value in five groups of equal size, darkest at the better end. A higher value is the better result.

173countries
5measures per country
1993the year it describes
157distinct values3 decimals, as published
Sep 11, 2026read from the publisher
CC BY-SA 4.0licence

01Position · derived

The table

Every country and every column of V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index, 1993, as published. V-Dem Institute ranks nobody on this measure; the position is derived here by ordering the published values. “=” marks a shared position.

Search this table

Showing 25 of 173 countries · select a heading to sort

V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index, 1993: every country, as published by V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg.
derived
1	SwedenSWENorthern Europe	0.911	0.877	0.670	0.885	0.873
2	DenmarkDNKNorthern Europe	0.909	0.881	0.734	0.864	0.869
3	CzechiaCZEEastern Europe	0.895	0.819	0.579	0.768	0.810
4	GermanyDEUWestern Europe	0.893	0.853	0.647	0.864	0.825
=5	Costa RicaCRICentral America	0.892	0.841	0.626	0.832	0.787
=5	SpainESPSouthern Europe	0.892	0.818	0.657	0.804	0.813
7	AustraliaAUSAustralia and New Zealand	0.890	0.849	0.667	0.802	0.795
8	PolandPOLEastern Europe	0.887	0.808	0.607	0.764	0.778
9	SwitzerlandCHEWestern Europe	0.886	0.834	0.787	0.852	0.813
10	GreeceGRCSouthern Europe	0.882	0.790	0.594	0.750	0.794
11	EstoniaESTNorthern Europe	0.881	0.809	0.630	0.751	0.769
12	NorwayNORNorthern Europe	0.880	0.846	0.635	0.852	0.840
13	BelgiumBELWestern Europe	0.879	0.808	0.625	0.788	0.819
14	FranceFRAWestern Europe	0.875	0.798	0.646	0.814	0.763
15	New ZealandNZLAustralia and New Zealand	0.874	0.814	0.667	0.660	0.742
=16	FinlandFINNorthern Europe	0.871	0.831	0.613	0.801	0.805
=16	IrelandIRLNorthern Europe	0.871	0.788	0.622	0.716	0.762
18	LuxembourgLUXWestern Europe	0.868	0.785	0.588	0.796	0.816
19	United StatesUSANorthern America	0.867	0.805	0.624	0.829	0.705
=20	IcelandISLNorthern Europe	0.862	0.776	0.610	0.736	0.786
=20	NetherlandsNLDWestern Europe	0.862	0.814	0.587	0.799	0.781
22	AustriaAUTWestern Europe	0.859	0.782	0.616	0.765	0.758
23	PortugalPRTSouthern Europe	0.858	0.803	0.579	0.737	0.766
24	HungaryHUNEastern Europe	0.843	0.757	0.612	0.659	0.718
25	SloveniaSVNSouthern Europe	0.842	0.761	0.600	0.750	0.758
26	BrazilBRASouth America	0.840	0.704	0.566	0.687	0.549
=27	JapanJPNEastern Asia	0.837	0.755	0.543	0.739	0.754
=27	UruguayURYSouth America	0.837	0.762	0.681	0.764	0.713
29	ItalyITASouthern Europe	0.835	0.749	0.638	0.774	0.766
30	CanadaCANNorthern America	0.832	0.752	0.600	0.746	0.707
31	ArgentinaARGSouth America	0.829	0.630	0.561	0.771	0.654
32	United KingdomGBRNorthern Europe	0.814	0.747	0.565	0.685	0.652
33	ChileCHLSouth America	0.813	0.746	0.512	0.700	0.524
34	LithuaniaLTUNorthern Europe	0.811	0.741	0.602	0.675	0.701
35	MaltaMLTSouthern Europe	0.776	0.586	0.508	0.652	0.674
36	CyprusCYPWestern Asia	0.774	0.633	0.500	0.647	0.620
37	Trinidad and TobagoTTOCaribbean	0.772	0.644	0.486	0.589	0.637
=38	BarbadosBRBCaribbean	0.762	0.646	0.325	0.553	0.621
=38	IsraelISRWestern Asia	0.762	0.683	0.500	0.618	0.607
40	SurinameSURSouth America	0.751	0.635	0.510	0.603	0.548
41	SlovakiaSVKEastern Europe	0.750	0.628	0.476	0.459	0.565
42	LatviaLVANorthern Europe	0.749	0.629	0.470	0.593	0.601
43	VenezuelaVENSouth America	0.744	0.614	0.490	0.644	0.509
44	IndiaINDSouthern Asia	0.731	0.576	0.475	0.663	0.498
45	MauritiusMUSEastern Africa	0.725	0.619	0.461	0.665	0.564
46	South KoreaKOREastern Asia	0.724	0.607	0.392	0.615	0.595
47	Cabo VerdeCPVWestern Africa	0.714	0.635	0.417	0.592	0.534
48	EcuadorECUSouth America	0.706	0.456	0.456	0.434	0.369
49	BoliviaBOLSouth America	0.705	0.469	0.373	0.588	0.436
50	PanamaPANCentral America	0.704	0.522	0.447	0.562	0.467
51	MongoliaMNGEastern Asia	0.698	0.569	0.396	0.594	0.590
52	BulgariaBGREastern Europe	0.693	0.593	0.438	0.611	0.562
53	NicaraguaNICCentral America	0.691	0.482	0.428	0.580	0.363
54	BotswanaBWASouthern Africa	0.683	0.577	0.444	0.576	0.436
55	São Tomé and PríncipeSTPMiddle Africa	0.631	0.501	0.414	0.422	0.431
56	VanuatuVUTMelanesia	0.615	0.512	0.374	0.467	0.487
57	SenegalSENWestern Africa	0.610	0.448	0.336	0.516	0.416
58	JamaicaJAMCaribbean	0.608	0.473	0.379	0.482	0.455
59	BeninBENWestern Africa	0.598	0.491	0.292	0.536	0.442
60	ArmeniaARMWestern Asia	0.597	0.327	0.280	0.418	0.505
61	MaliMLIWestern Africa	0.594	0.426	0.413	0.500	0.395
62	NamibiaNAMSouthern Africa	0.593	0.490	0.364	0.495	0.385
63	RomaniaROUEastern Europe	0.562	0.392	0.352	0.339	0.454
64	BelarusBLREastern Europe	0.559	0.440	0.319	0.293	0.463
65	ColombiaCOLSouth America	0.558	0.427	0.386	0.354	0.336
66	PhilippinesPHLSouth-eastern Asia	0.542	0.406	0.378	0.492	0.285
67	FijiFJIMelanesia	0.540	0.395	0.289	0.431	0.343
68	Papua New GuineaPNGMelanesia	0.537	0.413	0.317	0.327	0.292
69	Solomon IslandsSLBMelanesia	0.532	0.413	0.299	0.314	0.318
70	TürkiyeTURWestern Asia	0.530	0.368	0.328	0.404	0.326
=71	NigerNERWestern Africa	0.528	0.399	0.243	0.430	0.370
=71	UkraineUKREastern Europe	0.528	0.349	0.296	0.342	0.422
73	BangladeshBGDSouthern Asia	0.513	0.269	0.224	0.219	0.213
74	ParaguayPRYSouth America	0.512	0.364	0.311	0.262	0.169
75	LesothoLSOSouthern Africa	0.501	0.360	0.219	0.316	0.412
76	MoldovaMDAEastern Europe	0.498	0.367	0.255	0.337	0.354
77	HondurasHNDCentral America	0.490	0.264	0.258	0.345	0.184
78	Burkina FasoBFAWestern Africa	0.481	0.256	0.217	0.357	0.334
79	RussiaRUSEastern Europe	0.480	0.294	0.304	0.382	0.328
80	Republic of the CongoCOGMiddle Africa	0.467	0.301	0.301	0.343	0.216
81	MexicoMEXCentral America	0.455	0.215	0.246	0.299	0.214
82	Sri LankaLKASouthern Asia	0.449	0.284	0.238	0.261	0.307
83	ZambiaZMBEastern Africa	0.447	0.355	0.291	0.385	0.295
84	GhanaGHAWestern Africa	0.445	0.334	0.240	0.347	0.319
85	GuyanaGUYSouth America	0.444	0.296	0.240	0.187	0.315
=86	GambiaGMBWestern Africa	0.442	0.318	0.171	0.231	0.261
=86	MadagascarMDGEastern Africa	0.442	0.252	0.280	0.216	0.214
88	Dominican RepublicDOMCaribbean	0.430	0.201	0.278	0.240	0.221
89	AlbaniaALBSouthern Europe	0.421	0.321	0.230	0.332	0.312
90	NepalNPLSouthern Asia	0.407	0.326	0.227	0.337	0.289
91	ThailandTHASouth-eastern Asia	0.405	0.303	0.162	0.375	0.225
92	TanzaniaTZAEastern Africa	0.402	0.336	0.187	0.293	0.324
93	GuatemalaGTMCentral America	0.385	0.216	0.246	0.233	0.160
94	El SalvadorSLVCentral America	0.379	0.207	0.234	0.256	0.169
95	CroatiaHRVSouthern Europe	0.377	0.213	0.219	0.135	0.296
96	Hong KongHKGEastern Asia	0.373	0.318	0.138	0.368	0.326
97	PakistanPAKSouthern Asia	0.368	0.201	0.215	0.181	0.133
98	SingaporeSGPSouth-eastern Asia	0.360	0.297	0.094	0.299	0.319
99	GeorgiaGEOWestern Asia	0.356	0.158	0.102	0.148	0.268
100	Central African RepublicCAFMiddle Africa	0.346	0.212	0.147	0.244	0.204
101	KyrgyzstanKGZCentral Asia	0.342	0.204	0.106	0.226	0.279
102	SeychellesSYCEastern Africa	0.340	0.248	0.137	0.259	0.311
103	ComorosCOMEastern Africa	0.339	0.158	0.197	0.243	0.245
=104	Côte d’IvoireCIVWestern Africa	0.329	0.204	0.212	0.133	0.205
=104	KenyaKENEastern Africa	0.329	0.207	0.199	0.308	0.206
106	GabonGABMiddle Africa	0.325	0.197	0.195	0.280	0.210
107	TaiwanTWNEastern Asia	0.319	0.275	0.188	0.311	0.304
108	CambodiaKHMSouth-eastern Asia	0.318	0.104	0.114	0.204	0.105
109	LebanonLBNWestern Asia	0.317	0.190	0.118	0.223	0.220
110	ZimbabweZWEEastern Africa	0.310	0.225	0.208	0.255	0.198
111	YemenYEMWestern Asia	0.309	0.161	0.084	0.214	0.111
112	AzerbaijanAZEWestern Asia	0.306	0.137	0.080	0.140	0.218
113	KazakhstanKAZCentral Asia	0.302	0.181	0.109	0.184	0.228
114	MauritaniaMRTWestern Africa	0.301	0.121	0.117	0.154	0.147
115	TogoTGOWestern Africa	0.289	0.160	0.127	0.199	0.249
=116	CameroonCMRMiddle Africa	0.288	0.148	0.147	0.125	0.167
=116	SerbiaSRBSouthern Europe	0.288	0.181	0.171	0.138	0.247
118	KuwaitKWTWestern Asia	0.282	0.267	0.091	0.286	0.223
=119	BurundiBDIEastern Africa	0.277	0.164	0.169	0.284	0.192
=119	North MacedoniaMKDSouthern Europe	0.277	0.260	0.163	0.140	0.244
121	UgandaUGAEastern Africa	0.265	0.195	0.164	0.265	0.204
122	South AfricaZAFSouthern Africa	0.264	0.159	0.191	0.262	0.055
123	MalaysiaMYSSouth-eastern Asia	0.259	0.162	0.167	0.172	0.204
=124	MalawiMWIEastern Africa	0.252	0.110	0.084	0.156	0.154
=124	PeruPERSouth America	0.252	0.095	0.171	0.143	0.140
126	Bosnia and HerzegovinaBIHSouthern Europe	0.249	0.093	0.105	0.082	0.166
127	DjiboutiDJIEastern Africa	0.240	0.110	0.115	0.081	0.155
128	JordanJORWestern Asia	0.235	0.198	0.077	0.193	0.201
129	EthiopiaETHEastern Africa	0.230	0.097	0.089	0.147	0.153
130	NigeriaNGAWestern Africa	0.229	0.148	0.172	0.081	0.140
131	MozambiqueMOZEastern Africa	0.220	0.154	0.096	0.129	0.180
132	TajikistanTJKCentral Asia	0.217	0.059	0.067	0.075	0.154
133	EgyptEGYNorthern Africa	0.216	0.158	0.085	0.162	0.115
134	HaitiHTICaribbean	0.207	0.089	0.094	0.113	0.069
135	LiberiaLBRWestern Africa	0.202	0.180	0.139	0.213	0.157
136	UzbekistanUZBCentral Asia	0.199	0.049	0.067	0.087	0.138
=137	IndonesiaIDNSouth-eastern Asia	0.193	0.052	0.046	0.115	0.130
=137	TunisiaTUNNorthern Africa	0.193	0.092	0.120	0.147	0.204
139	MoroccoMARNorthern Africa	0.190	0.184	0.094	0.117	0.113
140	RwandaRWAEastern Africa	0.187	0.129	0.081	0.231	0.131
=141	AlgeriaDZANorthern Africa	0.173	0.079	0.076	0.220	0.204
=141	ChadTCDMiddle Africa	0.173	0.069	0.104	0.084	0.077
143	Equatorial GuineaGNQMiddle Africa	0.171	0.051	0.050	0.059	0.104
144	DR CongoCODMiddle Africa	0.168	0.035	0.124	0.111	0.091
145	GuineaGINWestern Africa	0.166	0.081	0.127	0.104	0.126
=146	IranIRNSouthern Asia	0.162	0.118	0.059	0.183	0.168
=146	SomalilandXSLEastern Africa	0.162	0.120	0.100	0.130	0.094
148	MaldivesMDVSouthern Asia	0.160	0.058	0.060	0.030	0.151
149	Guinea-BissauGNBWestern Africa	0.157	0.078	0.080	0.061	0.121
150	SomaliaSOMEastern Africa	0.156	0.026	0.068	0.066	0.042
151	AngolaAGOMiddle Africa	0.155	0.075	0.062	0.052	0.063
=152	TurkmenistanTKMCentral Asia	0.150	0.028	0.070	0.041	0.127
=152	VietnamVNMSouth-eastern Asia	0.150	0.076	0.167	0.164	0.199
154	Sierra LeoneSLEWestern Africa	0.145	0.032	0.112	0.115	0.090
155	SyriaSYRWestern Asia	0.144	0.037	0.054	0.021	0.128
156	EswatiniSWZSouthern Africa	0.122	0.104	0.128	0.046	0.074
157	CubaCUBCaribbean	0.103	0.037	0.044	0.055	0.232
158	ChinaCHNEastern Asia	0.101	0.067	0.037	0.125	0.113
159	EritreaERIEastern Africa	0.099	0.035	0.024	0.055	0.155
160	MyanmarMMRSouth-eastern Asia	0.096	0.017	0.043	0.024	0.071
161	AfghanistanAFGSouthern Asia	0.093	0.023	0.027	0.027	0.044
162	SudanSDNNorthern Africa	0.088	0.018	0.041	0.035	0.048
163	LaosLAOSouth-eastern Asia	0.085	0.087	0.091	0.027	0.109
164	North KoreaPRKEastern Asia	0.084	0.014	0.043	0.012	0.110
165	IraqIRQWestern Asia	0.082	0.060	0.035	0.008	0.082
166	Timor-LesteTLSSouth-eastern Asia	0.077	—	—	0.010	0.076
167	LibyaLBYNorthern Africa	0.072	0.048	0.044	0.023	0.125
168	BhutanBTNSouthern Asia	0.065	0.131	0.105	0.139	0.155
169	BahrainBHRWestern Asia	0.049	—	0.011	0.028	0.102
170	United Arab EmiratesAREWestern Asia	0.023	0.055	0.014	0.117	0.090
=171	QatarQATWestern Asia	0.016	0.080	0.014	0.030	0.111
=171	Saudi ArabiaSAUWestern Asia	0.016	0.039	0.019	0.031	0.109
173	OmanOMNWestern Asia	0.014	0.084	0.050	0.029	0.118

02In 1993

At either end

The 5 countries at each end of the headline, then the highest and lowest on each other measure.

Highest

1Sweden0.911
2Denmark0.909
3Czechia0.895
4Germany0.893
5Costa Ricashared0.892

Lowest

173Oman0.014
171Saudi Arabiashared0.016
171Qatarshared0.016
170United Arab Emirates0.023
169Bahrain0.049

A higher value is the better result. The middle country reads 0.442. “Shared” marks a value another country also holds.

Each measure’s ends

Liberal democracy (0–1)
HighestDenmark0.881
LowestNorth Korea0.014
Middle country: 0.296
Participatory democracy (0–1)
HighestSwitzerland0.787
LowestBahrain0.011
Middle country: 0.232
Deliberative democracy (0–1)
HighestSweden0.885
LowestIraq0.008
Middle country: 0.299
Egalitarian democracy (0–1)
HighestSweden0.873
LowestSomalia0.042
Middle country: 0.289

031992 → 1993

Since 1992

What changed between 1992 and this one: who joined or left, and how far the headline moved.

+1 / −0countries joined / left
120values changed, of 172 in both
85 · 35rose · fell
52unchanged

Rose most

Estonia0.450 → 0.881+0.431
Lesotho0.158 → 0.501+0.343
Ghana0.173 → 0.445+0.272
Niger0.334 → 0.528+0.194
Madagascar0.282 → 0.442+0.160

Fell most

Rwanda0.290 → 0.187−0.103
Comoros0.414 → 0.339−0.075
Tajikistan0.278 → 0.217−0.061
Azerbaijan0.367 → 0.306−0.061
DR Congo0.200 → 0.168−0.032

+ Slovakia

Both years come from the same release, so a difference here is a change in the data, not a revision of it. Every country’s full history is charted on the statistic page.

04Caveats

Read before you use

What this edition’s numbers are and are not, worked out from the file itself.

The site’s method

One year of the 2026 release
Every year in this series comes from V-Dem Institute’s 2026 release, recalculated on one method. It can differ from what was first published for 1993.
157 distinct values among 173
Values are stored exactly as published, to 3 decimals. 2 countries share 0.892. Countries sharing a value share a position too.
The position is ours
V-Dem Institute publishes values only. The order here sorts the published values, and the page says so wherever it prints one.
Which end is better
A higher value is the better result.
3 empty cells
An empty cell means the publisher gave no figure. It is never a zero.

05The files

Download and cite

The table as a file, digit for digit, what this site changed, and a citation for this edition.

Licence in full

.csv
For a spreadsheet or code
173 rows · 8.7 KB · UTF-8, opens in Excel
Opens with 11 lines of source notes; the table starts on row 13.
Download vdem-democracy-1993-nations-inquiry.csv
↗
The publisher’s original
V-Dem Institute’s own file, on its own site.
V-Dem-CY-Core-v16_csv.zip

What this site changed: Reshaped into one row per country: regional and income-group totals are left out, only the columns listed are kept, each row gets its ISO 3166 code, and some country names are brought to one spelling. No value is recalculated, rescaled or rounded.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0. Share, adapt and use commercially with credit — and anything you publish that adapts it must carry the same licence.

Cite this edition

V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg (1993). V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index, 1993 [data set], describing 1993. As held by Nations Inquiry, https://nationsinquiry.com/datasets/vdem-democracy/1993

0636 held

Other years

‹ The year before
V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index, 1992
172 countries
The year after ›
V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index, 1994
173 countries
All of them
V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index: every year
36 held, with the data dictionary, coverage and licence.
How it has moved, charted by country

07Questions